Advanced Amphibious Assault Vehicle
The Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle (EFV) is the newest USMC amphibious
vehicle, intended for deployment in 2015. It was renamed from the Advanced
Amphibious Assault Vehicle in late 2003. The USMC wants 1,013 AAAV's by 2015.
The vehicle is an amphibious armored personnel carrier; launched at sea, from an
amphibious assault ship beyond the horizon, able to transport a full Marine
rifle squad to shore. It will maneuver cross country with an agility and
mobility equal to or greater than the M1 Abrams.
The EFV is designed to replace the aging AAV, and is the Marine Corps' number
one priority ground weapon system acquisition. It has three times the speed in
water and about twice the armor of the AAV, and superior firepower as well.
Background
In the 1980s the Marine corps developed an "over the horizon" strategy for ocean
based assaults. The intention was to protect naval ships from enemy mines and
shore defenses. It included the MV-22 Osprey, the Landing Craft Air Cushion (LCAC),
and the EFV.
Development for the AAAV began on the late 1970’s with prototypes in the early
1980’s at the command at Camp Pendleton. The predecessor to the AAAV the LVTP7
life expectancy was extended in 1983/1984 by use of the SLEP (Service Life
Extension Program) which modified and upgraded many of the key systems creating
the LVTP7A1 then designated the AAVP7A1. At the time these vehicles were
released the USMC had anticipated and communicated delivery of the AAAV by the
mid 1990’s (1993). Because of delays the AAVP7A1 has received another SLEP type
upgrade in the mid 1990’s while the USMC still awaits final development and
delivery of the AAAV now over 14 years behind original projected time frames.
Design
The General Dynamics Land Systems EFV is an amphibious armored tracked vehicle
with an aluminum hull. The engine is a custom MTU Friedrichshafen diesel (MT883)
with two modes of operation; a high power mode for planing over the sea, and a
low power mode for land travel.
The hull has a hydraulically actuated bow flap to aid planing. Shrouded
Honeywell waterjet propulsors are integrated into each side of the hull and
hydraulically actuated chines cover the tracks while in seafaring mode.
The aluminum hull has caused some controversy due to protection and flammability
concerns. However, aluminum hulls have been used for decades in military ground
vehicles and boats. The rear loading ramp is not able to open while the vehicle
is afloat. This is also typical of other swimming military ground vehicles. For
example, the M113 is another armored military ground vehicle the US currently is
using that swims. It also has an aluminum hull, and its rear ramp cannot open
while the vehicle is afloat.
It has a crew of three and can transport 17 Marines and their equipment.
There is a Command Platform version with secure command and control electronics
(and seven work stations), but lacking the 30 mm cannon.
Armament
It is fitted with composite armor, mine-blast protection, and a nuclear,
biological and chemical defense system (NBC). The standard version also has a
Bushmaster II 30 mm cannon, which fires up to 250 rounds per minute with single,
burst and full auto capabilities up to 2,000 meters in all weather conditions.
Other features;
7.62 mm Machine Gun (1, coaxial)
Smoke / Gas Dispensers (32)
Rear Troop Hatch
Top Troop Hatches (2)
Reinforced Crew Compartment
Controversy
Reliability issues
In February 2007 the Washington Post reported the USMC was not satisfied with
the reliability of the prototypes and was not going to initiate production as
planned. Instead the corps has asked for seven new prototypes, to address the
current deficiencies which have caused an average of one failure for every four
and a half hours of operation.
IED protection
In June 2007 members of the House Armed Services Subcommittee on Seapower and
Expeditionary Forces sent a letter to the Marine Corps Commandant urging that
the EFV be redesigned to give troops better protection against roadside bombs
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